一. 托福聽(tīng)力內(nèi)容分類(lèi):
1. Conversation
(1) Office辦公室
A. 作業(yè)內(nèi)容
B. 論文內(nèi)容
C. 課堂內(nèi)容
D. 實(shí)地考察
E. 實(shí)驗(yàn)室
(2) Student service學(xué)生服務(wù)
A. 課程事務(wù)
B. 登記注冊(cè)
C. 圖書(shū)館
D. 公告欄
E. 食堂
F. 轉(zhuǎn)學(xué)
G. 打工
H. 游玩
2. Lecture
(1) Arts藝術(shù)類(lèi)
A. Architecture建筑
B. City Planning城市規(guī)劃
C. literature 文學(xué)
D. Photography攝影
E. Other art forms其他藝術(shù)形式
a) Folk and tribal art民間和部落藝術(shù)
b) Cave and rock art巖洞和石壁藝術(shù)
(2) Life science生命科學(xué)
A. Biology生物學(xué)
a) Animal behavior動(dòng)物行為,如:遷徙、覓食、防御行為
b) Botany植物學(xué)
c) Oceanic biology海洋生物
B. Environmental science環(huán)境科學(xué)
a) Climate change氣候變化
b) Habitats of animals and plants動(dòng)植物的棲息地
(3) Physical science自然科學(xué)
A. Astronomy天文學(xué)
B. Geography and geology地理地質(zhì)
a) Glaciers, ice ages冰川、冰河紀(jì)
b) Seismology: earthquakes, continental drift, volcanoes地震學(xué):地震、大陸漂移、火山
c) Deserts and other extreme environments沙漠和其他極端環(huán)境
C. Chemistry化學(xué)
(4) Social science社會(huì)科學(xué)
A. Philosophy哲學(xué)
a) Aristotle亞里士多德
b) Plato柏拉圖
B. psychology 心理學(xué)
C. history 歷史
a) Archeology 考古學(xué)
b) Art history藝術(shù)史
c) Film history電影史
d) Theater History戲劇史
D. government 政府
E. sociology 社會(huì)學(xué)
F. economics 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)
G. Anthropology人類(lèi)學(xué)
二. 題型
1. 主旨題
(1) 提問(wèn)方式
a) What problem does the man have?
b) What are the speakers mainly discussing?
c) What is the main topic of the lecture?
d) What is the lecture mainly about?
e) What aspect of X does the professor mainly discuss?
f) Why does the student visit the professor?
g) Why does the student visit the registrar’s office?
h) Why did the professor ask to see the student?
(2) 答題原則
a) 注意干擾選項(xiàng)特征:不精確、不相關(guān)、太寬泛、太具體
b) 注意對(duì)話中的一致性問(wèn)題,區(qū)分內(nèi)容與目的
2. 細(xì)節(jié)題
(1) 提問(wèn)方式
a) According to the professor, what is one way that X can affect Y?
b) According to the professor, what is the main problem with the X theory?
c) What is X?
d) What resulted from the invention of X?
(2) 筆記技巧
a) 六大要點(diǎn):程序procedures、定義definitions、舉例examples、原因和影響causes and effects(羅列不需記)、問(wèn)題和回答questions and answers、贊成和反對(duì)pros and cons
b) 多次出現(xiàn)的詞要注意
c) 注意否定詞
(3) 答題原則
a) 注意干擾選項(xiàng)特征:相似表達(dá)但不完全一致、相同詞匯但表達(dá)意思不同、與原文相矛盾、原文未提及
b) 無(wú)法確定的則選擇與主題最符合的選項(xiàng)
3. 重聽(tīng)題
(1) 提問(wèn)方式
a) What does the professor imply when he says this?
b) What is the purpose of the woman’s response?
c) What can be inferred from the professor’s response to the student?
d) Why does the student say this?
e) What can be inferred about the student when she says this?
f) What does the woman mean when she says this?
(2) 答題原則
a) 重聽(tīng)開(kāi)始前先迅速掃讀選項(xiàng),并作出預(yù)測(cè)
b) 第二遍最關(guān)鍵
c) 理解說(shuō)話人的真實(shí)意圖而不僅僅只是字面意思
(3) 習(xí)語(yǔ)俗語(yǔ)
a) Tell me about it! 那還用說(shuō)?。ū硎緩?qiáng)烈贊同)
b) You name it! 不再討論其他的了
That sort of thing, you see?
To name just a few.
The list goes on.
c) Put it together 表示總結(jié)
All in all
In a nutshell
d) I don’t know about that. 表示委婉拒絕
e) I think you get the picture. 你懂的。
f) Get ahead of 到…之前
g) Off the top of my head 想到什么就說(shuō)什么
4. 表格題
(1) 提問(wèn)方式
a) 排序
b) 判斷正誤
c) 平行/分類(lèi)
(2) 筆記技巧
a) 注意標(biāo)記事物發(fā)展順序,特別是有first、besides、finally等連接詞的部分
b) 注意記錄否定詞
d) 注意平行結(jié)構(gòu)要使用雙欄式記錄方式
e) 注意分類(lèi)結(jié)構(gòu)要留足空處進(jìn)行記錄
(3) 答題原則
a) 未記下的信息可根據(jù)常識(shí)進(jìn)行判斷,但盡量以筆記為準(zhǔn)
b) 選項(xiàng)數(shù)量分配基本一致
5. 推斷題
(1) 提問(wèn)方式
a) What can be inferred about x?
b) What is the professor’s attitude toward X?
c) What is the professor’s opinion of X?
d) What does the professor imply about X?
e) What will the student probably do next?
(2) 筆記技巧
a) 注意標(biāo)記句子的內(nèi)涵和說(shuō)話人語(yǔ)氣,多為v. adj. adv.
b) 六大要點(diǎn):與細(xì)節(jié)題相同
(3) 答題原則
a) 注意說(shuō)話人的語(yǔ)氣(熱情、懷疑、沮喪、驚訝),有助于判斷說(shuō)話人的態(tài)度
b) 正確答案往往使用原文未提及的詞匯
c) 注意講座中教授所做的比較、所舉的例子
d) 注意各細(xì)節(jié)信息間的關(guān)聯(lián)
e) 注意不要推斷過(guò)度
f) 注意整體把握文章結(jié)構(gòu)順序,一般有時(shí)間順序、由易到難的順序等
三. 筆記原則
1. 整體原則
(1) 已知內(nèi)容,之前重復(fù)過(guò)的內(nèi)容不需記
(2) 與背景知識(shí)不符的必須記
(3) 聽(tīng)完一個(gè)意群再記
2. 筆記系統(tǒng)
使用分欄、符號(hào)、縮寫(xiě)、簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)的方式
3. Conversation
(1) 忽略一切寒暄的語(yǔ)句,例如打招呼、告別等
(2) 特別注意說(shuō)話人的語(yǔ)氣
4. Lecture
(1) 講座主題不需記,盡量聽(tīng)出其結(jié)構(gòu)
(2) 按剛才題型的筆記建議方式,練習(xí)做聽(tīng)力筆記
5. 關(guān)鍵詞
(1) 定義類(lèi)
a) is known as
b) is called
c) is
d) refers to
e) means
(2) 舉例及描述
a) Consists of
b) Adjective
c) For example
d) For instance
e) Namely
f) Specifically
g) That is
(3) 分類(lèi)
a) Kinds of
b) Types of
c) Classes of
d) Groups of
e) Parts of
f) Properties of
g) Characteristics of
h) Varieties of
(4) 順序
a) First, second, third
b) Next, then, last
c) Finally
d) Before
e) After
f) At the same time
g) Meanwhile
h) Now
i) As soon as
j) Later
k) Subsequently
l) Eventually
m) Step
n) Stage
o) phase
(5) 比較和對(duì)比
a) Like
b) Similar to
c) Differ from
d) Compared with
e) In comparison
f) Similarly
g) In the same way
h) In contrast
i) Whereas
j) Adjective + er.
k) Although
l) But
m) Conversely
n) In spite of
o) Even though
p) However
q) Instead
r) On the contrary
s) On the other hand
t) despite
(6) 原因和結(jié)果
a) As a consequence
b) As a result
c) Thus
d) Therefore
e) Because
f) Because of
g) For this reason
h) Consequently
i) Since
j) So
(7) 問(wèn)題和解答
a) Question
b) Problem
c) Solution
d) answer
(8) 勸說(shuō)和評(píng)估
a) Should, must, ought to
b) In conclusion
c) In summary
d) Keep in mind
四. 答題原則
1. 無(wú)貶義詞形容老師或?qū)W生
2. 出現(xiàn)最高級(jí)或極端詞:原文沒(méi)有則必錯(cuò)
3. 兩個(gè)相反意思的選項(xiàng)中必有一個(gè)正確
4. 無(wú)法確認(rèn)的題目以反映主旨為主
5. 老師對(duì)某現(xiàn)象的態(tài)度往往是否定的